An ecotoxicological approach to microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic organisms: A systematic review in assessment, monitoring and biological impact

Marine and land plastic debris biodegrades at micro- nanoscales through progressive fragmentation. Oceanographic model studies confirm the presence of up to ?2.41 million tons microplastics across Atlantic, Pacific, Indian subtropical gyres. Microplastics distribute from primary (e.g., exfoliating cleansers) secondary chemical deterioration) sources in environment. This anthropogenic phenomenon poses a threat flora fauna terrestrial aquatic ecosystems as ingestion entanglement cases increase over time. review focuses on impact taxa suggested environmentally relevant concentrations, advances groundwork for future ecotoxicological-based research including main points: (i) adhesion pollutants PCBs); (ii) biological effects bioaccumulation, biomagnification, biotransportation) organisms; (iii) physico-chemical properties polybrominated diphenyl ethers) biodegradation pathways environment stress, heat stress); (iv) an ecotoxicological prospect optimized assessments.